Heat TreatToday has launched Automotive Heat Treating special edition in print and digital form, the third print magazine and the second in a series of industry-specific quarterlies.
The print edition of Automotive Heat Treating entered the mail stream onJune 24 and landed in the mailboxes of6,000 automotive manufacturing suppliers andOEMs with more being distributed at Thermprocess 2019. The digital edition is available byclicking hereoron the image to the right.
In this special magazine, Heat TreatToday delivers quality content both new and original as well as a round up of past automotive-related news, technical articles, and tips, including:
“Making Sense of Trade Wars” / Understand the different types of tariffs, where they are coming from, and what effect they may have on the heat treating world.
“Heat TreatBrain Trust on Industry Innovations That Have Enhanced Automotive Heat Treating in Recent Years” /Recent, innovative, or helpful enhancements that have advanced the automotive heat treat industry.
“Nitrocarburizing for Automotive and Large-Volume Production” / Advantages and disadvantages of batch vs. continuous processing for automotive nitrocarburized parts.
“Continuous and Progressive Hardening: Frequency Selection” / Frequency selection for induction hardening equipment.
“How to Join Industry 4.0” /An edited transcript from a recent Heat TreatRadio interview unpacks how manufacturers with in-house heat treating can take their first steps into Industry 4.0.
“Carburizing Trends in the Automotive Heat Treating World” / Where we have been, where we are now, and what we can expect in the future in automotive carburizing.
“Thermomechanical Processing for Creating Bi-Metal Bearing Bushings” / The potential for creating and heat treating bi-metal bearing bushings consisting of steel 20MnCr5 and aluminum AA-6082 by closed-die-forging.
In October,Heat TreatToday will be publishing another special edition, featuring reader favorites, the 40 Under 40 Class of 2019 and 101 Heat Treat Tips. It will be sent to6,000+ industrycontacts. If you haverelated editorial content or if you would like to have your promotional message in this issue, please emaildoug@heattreattoday.comoreditor@heattreattoday.comas soon as possible.
If you haven’t done so already, you might want to join Heat TreatToday’s “Leaders in Automotive Heat Treat” LinkedIn Group.Click hereoron the image to the left to be taken there. You’ll need to sign in to LinkedIn before you can join the group.
A large aluminum producer recently announced a large investment in a new rolling plant in Ashland, Kentucky.
Braidy Industries, Inc. (Braidy) and Rusal jointly announced the approval by their respective Boards of Directors for Rusal to invest $200 million in Braidy Atlas mill. The companies estimate that it has been more than three decades since a greenfield aluminum rolling mill like Braidy was built in the U.S. The deal is expected to close in the second quarter of 2019.
Craig Bouchard, Braidy Industries Chairman and CEO
“This is a sustainability match made in heaven for the global aluminum industry,” said Craig Bouchard, Braidy Industries Chairman and CEO.
Rusal intends to supply 200,000 tons of certified low-carbon prime aluminum ingot and slabs each year for a 10-year period, allowing Braidy to target lower carbon emissions.
Braidy is dependent on long-term supplies of high-quality, low-carbon aluminum, which is rarely supplied in the high quantity required for their production. If met, this order would be one of the world’s largest for one mill of high-quality, pre-alloyed and low-carbon primary aluminum slabs.
A British steel company recently acquired a large Pennsylvania producer of value-added carbon and alloy wire.
Liberty Steel, part of the global GFG Alliance, purchased Johnstown Wire Technologies (JWT) in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, a large producer of value-added carbon and alloy wire in North America.
The acquisition allows Liberty the opportunity to manufacture a range of high-value carbon and alloy wire products for multiple end markets including the infrastructure, automotive, utility, and consumer sectors.
The advanced manufacturing facility at Johnstown will complement Liberty’s melting and rolling operations at Georgetown, South Carolina, and Peoria, Illinois, and, combined with its scrap processing plant in Tampa, Florida, will have a wide presence in the U.S. steel market.
The 638,000-square-foot Johnstown site has been a high-profile steel manufacturing facility for over 100 years and is one of the few U.S. producers of CHQ, electro-galvanized, aluminized and spring wire. JWT currently holds a high market position in the electro-galvanized and aluminized sectors.
Source: Pittsburgh Post Gazette
With more than half of JWT’s output sold into the transportation market, Liberty is also aiming to capitalize on continued growth in U.S. vehicle production. It is one of the largest producers in the U.S. of CHQ wire, which is used in automotive products such as engine block bolts and brake pad rivets.
Liberty hopes that the acquisition will increase its capability to meet the “Made in America” specifications required for public infrastructure and utility contracts.
Grant Quasha, Chief Investment Officer for GFG in North America
“This is another very significant step towards our ambitious U.S. goals,” said Grant Quasha, Chief Investment Officer for GFG in North America. “JWT is a profitable business with a skilled workforce and tremendous pedigree in the industry, so we look forward to welcoming it into the GFG USA family and helping it build an even stronger future.”
“We are excited to be joining the GFG family of global businesses and see this as a tremendous opportunity to further our position as a leading manufacturer of steel wire in North America,” said Jack Miller, President and CEO of Johnstown Wire Technologies.
Sanjeev Gupta, GFG Group executive chairman
“It’s a great pleasure to welcome 250 highly-skilled new members to our family,” said Sanjeev Gupta, GFG Group executive chairman. “Integration upstream and downstream with value-added product manufacturing is an absolute core to our U.S. steel strategy. The addition of high-quality specialized facilities at Johnstown further strengthens our existing facilities at Georgetown and Peoria.”
Liberty entered the U.S. market in 2017 by acquiring ArcelorMittal’s Georgetown mill and followed up with the purchase of Keystone Consolidated Industries, including its flagship Peoria mill, in 2018.
A North American steel manufacturer recently made an investment with intent to expand its services at its South Carolina bar mill.
Nucor Corporation announced plans to add vacuum degassing to its engineered bar services at its bar mill in Darlington, South Carolina. Nucor hopes that by providing this service the mill will be better equipped to produce engineered bar products according to high-quality specifications in the industry. The vacuum degassing system is expected to begin operating in late 2020.
John Ferriola, Chairman, CEO, and President of Nucor Corporation
“This strategic investment complements our existing bar mills that primarily produce engineered bar products in Norfolk, Nebraska, Memphis, Tennessee, and Wallingford, Connecticut. It will position us to better serve our customers in the Southeastern United States and support the growing demand in the region for higher quality automotive and other specialty steel applications,” said John Ferriola, Chairman, CEO, and President of Nucor.
Nucor Steel South Carolina, the first steel mill Nucor built, now employs more than 450 teammates and will recognize its 50th anniversary this summer at the Darlington facility.
Producing steel by means of melting recycled scrap in an electric arc furnace (“EAF”), the mill influenced the way steel is now made in the United States. Today, Nucor estimates that approximately 70 percent of the steel made in this country is produced using EAFs.
In the modern automotive manufacturing industry, CQI-9 HTSA (AIAG) has become a key part of driving process and product quality in heat treatment applications. The standard has a broad scope and covers many different aspects of common heat treatment processes (see Process Tables A-H in the standard) and monitoring requirements used. A critical part of the standard is the requirement to perform a temperature uniformity surveys (TUS) in order to validate the temperature uniformity of the qualified work zones and operating temperature ranges of furnaces or ovens used. In this Heat TreatProduct Spotlight, Dr. Steve Offley, a.k.a. “Dr. O”, Product Marketing Manager with PhoenixTM, discusses the challenges of performing a TUS on continuous furnace types and one possible solution his company offers.
CQI-9 Heat Treat System Assessment
A critical part of the CQI-9 HTSA (AIAG) standard is the requirement to perform temperature uniformity surveys (TUSs). The TUS is performed to validate the temperature uniformity characteristics of the qualified work zones and operating temperature ranges of furnaces or ovens used. (See Figure 1.)
Fig 1: Schematic showing TUS principle. Thermocouple measurement from the field test instrument, of the furnace’s actual operational temperature, against a setpoint to check that it is within tolerance. Setpoints and tolerances are defined in CQI-9 Process Tables A-H to match each heat treat process.
The “Thru-Process” TUS Principle
Traditionally, TUSs are performed by using a field test instrument (chart recorder or static data logger) external to the furnace with thermocouples trailing into the furnace heating chamber. This technique has many limitations, especially when the product transfer is continuous such as in a pusher or conveyor-type furnace. The trailing thermocouple method is often labor-intensive, potentially unsafe, and can create compromises to the TUS data being collected (e.g., number of measurement points possible, thermocouple damage, and physical snagging of the thermocouple in the furnace).
Fig 2: PhoenixTM thermal barrier being loaded into a batch furnace with a survey frame as part of the TUS process.
The “Thru-Process” TUS principle overcomes the problems of trailing thermocouples as the multi-channel data logger (field test instrument) travels into and through the heat treat process protected by a thermal barrier (Figure 2). The short thermocouples are fixed to the TUS frame. Temperature data is then transmitted live to a monitoring PC running TUS analysis software, via a 2-way RF telemetry link.
Data Logger Options
To comply with CQI-9, field test equipment needs to be calibrated every 12 months minimum, against a primary or secondary standard. The data logger accuracy needs to be a minimum +/-0.6 °C (+/-1.0 °F) or +/-0.1% (TABLE 3.2.1).
Fig 3: PhoenixTM PTM1220 20 Channel IP67 data logger comes calibrated to UKAS ISO/IEC17025 as an option with an onboard calibration data file allowing direct data logger correction factors to be applied automatically to TUS data.
The data logger shown in Figure 3 has been designed specifically to meet the CQI-9 TUS requirements offering a +/- (0.5°F (0.3°C) accuracy (K & N). Models ranging from 6 to 20 channels can be provided with a variety of noble and base metal thermocouple options (types K, N, R, S, B) to suit measurement temperature and accuracy demands (AMS2750E and CQI-9).
Mixed thermocouple inputs can be provided to support the process specific requirements and also allow the use of the data logger to perform system accuracy testing (SAT) to complement the TUS.
Innovative Thermal Barrier Design
Fig 4: “Octagonal” thermal barrier fitted to product/survey tray.
CQI-9 covers a wide range of thermal heat treatment processes and as such the thermal protection for the data logger will vary significantly. A comprehensive range of thermal barrier solutions can be provided to meet specific process temperature requirements and space limitations. Figure 4 shows a unique octagonal thermal barrier designed to fit within the boundaries of the product tray/survey frame used to perform a TUS using the “plane method” (See “Thermocouple Measurement Positions (TUS)” below in this article.). The design ensures maximum thermal performance within the confines of a restricted product tray/basket.
Live Radio TUS Communication
Fig 5: Schematic of LwMesh 2-way RF Telemetry communication link from data logger TUS measurement back to an external computer.
The data logger is available with a unique 2-way wireless RF system option allowing live monitoring of temperatures as the system travels through the furnace. Analysis of process data at each TUS level can be done live allowing full efficient control of the TUS process. Furthermore, if necessary, by using the RF system, it is possible to communicate with the logger installed in the barrier to reset/download at any point pre-, during, and post-TUS. In many processes, there will be locations where it is physically impossible to transmit a strong RF signal. With conventional systems, this results in process data gaps. For the system shown in Figure 2, this is prevented using a unique fully automatic “catch up” feature.
Any data that is missed will be sent when the RF signal is re-established, guaranteeing 100% data transfer.
Thermocouple Options (TUS)
In accordance with the CQI-9 standard (Tables 3.1.3 / 3.1.5), thermocouples supplied with the data logger, whether expendable or nonexpendable, meet the specification requirements of accuracy +/-2.0°F (+/-1.1°C) or 0.4%. Calibration certificates can be offered to allow the creation of thermocouple correction factor files to be generated and automatically applied to the TUS data within the PhoenixTM Thermal View Survey Software. Care must be taken by the operator to ensure that usage of thermocouples complies with the recommended TUS life expectancies and repeat calibration frequencies. Before first use, thermocouples must be calibrated with a working temperature range interval not greater than 250°F (150°C). Replacement or recalibration of noble metal (B, R or S) thermocouples is required every 2 years. For non-expendable base metal (K, N, J, E), thermocouples replacement should be after 180 uses <1796°F (980°C) or 90 uses >1796°F (980°C). For expendable base metal (K, N, J, E), thermocouples replacement should be after 15 uses <1796°F (980°C) or 1 use >1796°F (980°C). Note that base metal thermocouples should not be recalibrated.
Thermocouple Measurement Positions (TUS)
To perform the TUS survey, a TUS frame needs to be constructed to locate the thermocouples over the standard work zone to match the form of the furnace. The TUS may be performed in either an empty furnace in which case thermocouples should be securely fixed as shown in Figure 6. A heat sink (thermal mass fixed to thermocouple tip) can be used to create a thermal load to match the normal product heating characteristics. Alternatively, the thermocouples should be buried in the load/filled product basket. See Figure 6 to see schematics of TUS Frames for a box and cylindrical batch furnace with CQI-9-quoted number of thermocouples required to match void volume (Volumetric Method Table 3.4.1).
Fig 6: TUS Thermocouple Test Rigs. Required number of thermocouples: 1) Work Volume < 0.1 m³ (3 ft³) = 5; 2) Work Volume 0.1 to 8.5 m³ (3 to 300 ft³) = 9; 3) Work Volume > 8.5 m³ one thermocouple for every 3 m³ (105 ft³). (Click on the images for larger display.)
Fig. 7.1, 7.2. PhoenixTM system showing 9 Point TUS survey rig and Thermal View Software TUS frame library file showing as part of TUS report exactly where thermocouples are positioned. (Click on the images for larger display.)
For continuous conveyorized furnaces, it is recommended that an alternative thermocouple test rig is employed called the “plane method”. Since the system travels through the furnace it is only necessary to monitor the temperature uniformity over a 2-dimensional plane/slice of the furnace (Figure 8). The required number and location of thermocouples are shown in Table 1 (CQI-9 Table 3.4.2).
(Click on the images for larger display.)
Table 1: Required thermocouples and locations for differing work zones (Plane Method)
(1) 2 Thermocouples within 50 mm work zone corners 1 Thermocouple center. (2) 4 Thermocouples within 50 mm work zone corners. Rest symmetrically distributed.
“Thru-Process” Temperature Uniformity Survey (TUS) Data Analysis and Reporting
Operating the PhoenixTM System with RF Telemetry, TUS data is transferred from the furnace directly back to the monitoring PC where, at each survey level, temperature stabilization and temperature overshoot can be monitored live, with thermocouple and logger correction factors applied. The Thermal View Survey software generates TUS reports which comply with the requirements of AMS2750E/CQI-9 standards.
As defined in CQI-9 (Section 3.4) for furnace with an operating temperature range ≤ 305°F (170°C), one setpoint temperature (TUS level) within the operating temperature range is required. If the operating temperature of the qualified work zone is greater than 305°F (170°C), then the minimum and maximum temperatures of the operating temperatures range shall be tested.
The TUS levels can be automatically set up in the TUS analysis software. Figure 9 shows both the TUS level file and TUS levels applied against the TUS survey trace.
Fig. 9.1Fig. 9.2
Fig 9.1, 9.2 PhoenixTM Thermal View Survey Software showing TUS Level set-up and application to TUS trace.
Within CQI-9, there is a very prescriptive list of what should be contained in the TUS report (Section 3.4.9).
To comply with all said requirements, the software package provides a comprehensive reporting package as shown below.
Fig 10.1, 10.2, 10.3. TUS Report showing a TUS profile at three set survey temperatures (graphical and numerical data). The probe map shows exactly where each thermocouple is located and easy trace identification. A detailed TUS report is generated, meeting full CQI-9 reporting requirements. (Click on the images for larger display.)
Overview
The PhoenixTM Thru-Process TUS System provides a versatile solution for performing product temperature profiling and furnace surveying in industrial heat treatment meeting all TUS requirements of CQI-9 within the automotive manufacturing industry, providing the means to understand, control, optimize and certify the heat treat process.
A Canadian manufacturer of extruded, fabricated, and anodized aluminum recently unveiled plans to expand to the US Midwest.
Extrusion (Source: Dajcor Aluminum)
Dajcor Aluminum announced a financial commitment to locate their first U.S. aluminum extrusion operation near Hazard, Kentucky, where they plan to hire 265 full-time employees.
Mike Kilby, President, Dajcor Aluminum (Source: Dajcor Aluminum)
Located within a 500 mile radius of several major U.S. markets, the Hazard facility will increase Dajcor’s potential to expand their extrusion supply capacity to a wide range of North American industries, including automotive, light rail transit, marine, construction, transportation, office furniture, lighting, military, and renewable energy.
With 300,000 square feet of manufacturing space at the eastern Kentucky operation, Dajcor intends to be in a position to supply extruded and fabricated aluminum components by the end of 2019.
“We are excited to get going on this expansion project for Dajcor,” said Mike Kilby, president and CEO of Dajcor. “This project will not only expand our capacity but also our geographic reach as our first manufacturing facility in the USA. Perry County, in Eastern Kentucky, offers a ready workforce as well as excellent state-of-the-art fabrication training facilities within the area. This fits well with our ‘All Under One Roof’ aluminum extrusion and fabrication business model” (Source: Hal Rogers).
A family-owned heat treatment company, situated in Lombardy, Italy, has expanded its surface treatment capabilities to include Nitreg® controlled nitriding, Nitreg®-C nitrocarburizing, and ONC® in-process oxidation treatments.
GalvanoTechnik invested in a compact Nitrex system, model NXK-609, configured to process 23.5” diameter by 35.5” high (600mm by 900mm) workloads that weigh up to 1300 lbs (600 kg). The system promises to comply with the temperature uniformity requirements of AMS 2750E, in addition to meeting specifications ASM 2759/10, which would make it possible to achieve required metallurgical and mechanical properties for controlled nitriding. NXK series is designed to leave a reduced footprint and combines three process technologies into one platform.
GalvanoTechnik added nitriding and nitrocarburizing to its portfolio after engaging in deeper dialogue with its customers and identifying new needs. Six months after the installation and start-up of the Nitrex system, the company now supports customers in the defense and automotive industries to solve unique challenges related to wear and corrosion resistance as well as aesthetic surface finishes.
Applications range from firearms components, such as magazines and barrels, to automotive components. Working with GalvanoTechnik, the Nitrex Research & Technology team designed and tested process recipes to meet requirements for each part. All control recipes are stored to the Nitrex system process library; the operator simply selects the process for a specific application. The control system then takes over, automatically monitoring and adjusting parameters including time, temperature, atmosphere composition, and Kn nitriding potential.
A leading full metal shapes solutions provider has announced the opening of its new North American Powder Metallurgy Headquarters and Additive Manufacturing (AM) Customer Center. The 38,260 square foot facility, located in Auburn Hills, Michigan, expands the company’s global 3D printing network and extends its scope of in-house powder metallurgy capabilities.
GKN PM Powder Metal Compaction Press (Source: GKN Powder Metallurgy)
Housing over 80 employees from the three GKN Powder Metallurgy’s businesses, Hoeganaes, GKN Sinter Metals and GKN Additive, the space is designed to inspire teamwork and enhance exceptional customer experiences. The building includes 20,700 square feet of collaborative working areas and 17,700 square feet of shop floor space to complete the cohesive working environment.
“We are excited to start a new journey in Auburn Hills with a space that is dedicated to our team, our community and the advanced technology we create for our customers,” said Reid Southby, President, GKN Sinter Metals Large Segment. “This building reinforces our commitment to the North American market and continued global growth.”
The building includes a 3,200 square foot AM Customer Center, equipped with two EOS M290 Direct
GKN Powder Metallurgy celebrated the opening of its North American PM Headquarter and AM Customer Center with an internal celebration on April 8.
Metal Laser Sinter (DMLS) printers. The DMLS machines incorporate powder bed fusion technology, creating functional prototypes within a two-week lead time and allowing customers to test factors such as usability, ergonomics, manufacturability and materials in the early stages of the development process.
“GKN Powder Metallurgy is at an exhilarating point in its journey of growth and innovation,” Southby added. “We now have the opportunity to provide our customers and strategic partners with local and exceptional support on all fronts of our business.
Alessandro Fiorese, R&D Chief Engineer with TAV Vacuum Furnaces SPA
Alessandro Fiorese, R&D Chief Engineer with TAV Vacuum Furnaces SPA, introduces the vacuum brazing process for automotive applications. For more articles, tips, and news related to heat treatment for automotive applications, keep an eye out for Heat Treat Today’s special print/digital issue Automotive Heat Treating, due in June 2019.
Introduction
Brazing is a heat treatment process in which metallic parts are joined together through a metallic filler with a melting temperature lower than the melting point of the joined parts. The filler metal can be used as a wire, a thin plate, or a paste depending upon the final application we are considering.
To obtain a good welding in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, it’s necessary to minimize contamination and impurities in the joined zone. Vacuum brazing processing provides a way to reach a high cleaning level of atmosphere during the brazing heat treatment.
The brazing treatment is particularly useful to produce complex shape parts with a lot of joining points per unit of area. Typical brazing applications are oil or water heat exchangers in the civil and automotive fields such as the ones represented below.
The high-performance aluminum heat exchangers manufacturing is growing particularly in the automotive field. In this context, AA 3xxx and 4xxx are commonly used materials for parts and filler material respectively because these materials have a very low specific weight and a very high thermal conductivity level.
As indicated before, one of the cleanest brazing atmospheres is vacuum. For this reason, in the following discussion, we will analyze in detail the complete characteristics of a semi-automatic TAV vacuum brazing furnace for automotive applications.
Vacuum Brazing Furnace
The entire furnace is composed of three different stations:
the heating furnace;
the loading station;
the cooling station.
Heating Furnace
heating furnace
Furnace Vessel
The vessel separates the inner part of the furnace where the hot chamber is placed from the outside environment. The vessel develops along a horizontal axis, it has an elliptical design and it is provided with two flat doors (front and rear). Both doors are hinged and can be opened manually. The front door has an automatically sliding entrance for loading-unloading the furnace.
Hot Chamber
The thermal chamber has a rectangular section 71 (H) x 18 (W) x 144 (L) inches (180 x 45x 365 cm), and it is constituted by steel panels with nickel-chrome resistors. There are 23 independent hot zones that make the chamber temperature very well-controlled. The temperature uniformity requested for this vacuum furnace is ± 37°F (± 3°C) from the set temperature. In the following picture, the ± 37°F Temperature Uniformity Survey (TUS) chart is shown.
Figure 1. TUS example at a specific temperature with 12 TLC
Vacuum System
The vacuum system has three pumping groups, two with a rotary piston pump, a roots pump, and an oil diffusion pump. The third pumping group has a mechanical pump, a roots pump, and a cryo-trap in order to condensate humidity and impurities released during the entire process. The ultimate reachable vacuum without the load is 10-6 mbar (range).
Loading Station
loading station
Loading Baskets
To carry out the brazing heat treatment in a correct way, a specific steel shelved fixtures hold the heat exchangers parts all together with the filler material. For each brazing process, a load from 1984 up to 4850lbs (900 up to 2200kg) can be heat treated at the same time. For gaining a semi-automatic heat treatment process, there is a parking station that can be used as a buffer for the heating furnace.
cooling station
Cooling Station
At the end of the brazing heat treatment, the load is automatically transferred into a separate cooling chamber where the brazed parts are cooled down by forced recirculation of air.
Heat Treatment
Before reaching the brazing temperature, the load is maintained at a lower temperature for a period of time to remove the working oil plate from the heat exchangers. During this maintenance time, a variation between high vacuum and partial pressure of N2 is observed.
Figure 2. Typical brazing cycle. Line yellow is the setpoint, line orange is the temperature TC, line blue is the high vacuum level and purple line is the partial pressure in mbar detected.
After the brazing step, the furnace reaches high nitrogen static partial pressure, starting the cooling phase. This step is considered complete when the furnace injects air up to reach the atmospheric pressure as total pressure. At this time, the front door opens automatically, and the loading track extracts the charge from the furnace.
A major steel manufacturer recently acquired certain assets from a carbon steel tubing provider that supplies induction heat-treated tubes for automotive applications.
Nucor Corp acquired the assets from Century Tube LLC, based in Madison, Indiana, which supplies carbon steel tubing for automotive and other mechanical and structural applications. The company offers round, square, rectangular, oval and other special welded shapes of mechanical steel tubing, and is a leader in supplying induction heat-treated tubes for automotive applications. Since 1993, Century Tube has produced more than 300 million door impact beams for use in Toyota, Honda, Ford, FCA, Subaru, Nissan, and Mitsubishi vehicles.
The print edition of Automotive Heat Treating entered the mail stream on June 24 and landed in the mailboxes of 6,000 automotive manufacturing suppliers and OEMs with more being distributed at Thermprocess 2019. The digital edition is available by clicking here or on the image to the right.
If you haven’t done so already, you might want to join Heat Treat Today’s “Leaders in Automotive Heat Treat” LinkedIn Group. Click here or on the image to the left to be taken there. You’ll need to sign in to LinkedIn before you can join the group.
