AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT

Heat Treat Quench Questions Answered with Radio Review

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT TECHNICAL CONTENT, FEATURED NEWS, QUENCHING TECHNICAL CONTENT

OCTwice a month, Heat Treat Today publishes an episode of Heat Treat Radio, an industry-specific podcast that covers topics in the aerospace, automotive, medical, energy, and general manufacturing realms. Each episode provides industry knowledge straight from the experts.

Stay abreast of quenching tips, techniques, and training --- especially in the auto industry --- with this original content piece that draws from three video/audio episodes.

Heat Treat Radio: The Greenness and Goodness of Salt Quenching with Bill Disler

Bill Disler
President, CEO
AFC-Holcroft
Source: AFC-Holcroft

Sure, salt quenching has been around for quite some time, but this method is coming more to the forefront when we consider some of the concerns and costs of oil quenching. In this Heat Treat Radio episode, listen in to Bill Disler of AFC-Holcroft discuss the pros and cons of salt quenching. His brief overview and then salt versus other quench options will leave you ready to embrace quenching at your heat treat shop.

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"I’d say, in general, the most common thoughts with salt are to use it for bainitic quenching. If you’re quenching into a bainitic structure, salt has always been the only way to do this," comments Bill. "But what we’re seeing the growth into, and much more activity, is martensitic quench." As you listen, key into the point of salt quenching offering a "green-minded" solution due to recyclability.

Get the complete episode here.

Heat Treat Radio: Water in Your Quench with Greg Steiger, Idemitsu

Greg Steiger
Senior Key Account Manager
Idemitsu Lubricants America

Water in the quench tank? How much is too much? What do you do to get rid of it? Is it possible to prevent water from getting into the tank? Greg Steiger of Idemitsu answers these questions and more in this essential episode.

"Our research has shown that basically about 200-250 ppm water, you start to get uneven cooling," Greg Steiger cautions. "When you start getting up to large amounts of water, somewhere around 750 ppm to over 1000 ppm, it becomes a safety issue."

The entire episode gives answers to how to identify, prevent, and remove water in the quench.

Heat Treat Radio: All Things Auto Industry Quenching with Scott MacKenzie

D. Scott MacKenzie, Ph.D
Senior Research -- Metallurgy
Quaker Houghton, Inc.

This interview gets to some nitty gritty details regarding quenching and the shift to electric vehicles. What does the future of heat treating look like for electric vehicles (EVs)? Where is aluminum heat treat fitting in? Listen in to get industry insight on these answers. Scott MacKenzie of Quaker Houghton also explores simulation and modeling, the need for trained metallurgists in our industry, and more broad heat treat considerations.

"The next thing you have to understand is the quenchant itself," Scott MacKenzie advises. "You have to understand the physical properties."

Take in the full episode here.

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Dig into the Archives: 5 Technical Articles for Fresh Heat Treaters in Auto

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT TECHNICAL CONTENT, FEATURED NEWS, TECHNOLOGY

OCAre you a relatively new reader in automotive heat treat? Welcome. Enjoy this archive of articles from the automotive industry, which provides years of technical knowledge to fill any information gaps. Even the "OG" readers with Heat Treat Today will want to investigate this Technical Tuesday original content compilation that plumbs the depths of the archives.

1. What Heat Treatment To Use for Truck Gear Boxes?

Fig. 2. Schematic depiction of pusher furnace (l.) and 3D batch of helical gears (r.)This paper reveals the investigation and conclusions of distortion potentials for case hardening processes. Mainly, the focus was on how the SyncroTherm® concept method compared to conventional case-hardening processes for gears and sliding sleeves.

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Read about how the results effected the bottom line: reduced costs, quicker processes, and less distortion. Also, be sure to examine each of the charts and figures for further understanding of each test.

This article entered the Automotive Heat Treat archive in 2016, and was written by Andreas Schüler, Dr.-Ing. Jörg Kleff, Dr. Volker Heuer, Gunther Schmitt, and Dr. Thorsten Leist.

Read about here: "Distortion of Gears and Sliding Sleeves for Truck Gear Boxes – a Systematical Analysis of Different Heat Treatment Concepts"

 

2. Cracking the Case

Problems in heat treating result in the loss of valuable time and money. Getting to the bottom of those problems also usually takes time and money to investigate what's happening and how to fix it. What is a heat treater to do?

In this article, we follow a case study from the automotive industry to understand how to pinpoint a heat treating problem. This article specifically looks at what was causing cracking in variable valve timing (VVT) plates.

Read the 2018 article, "Part Failure Investigation & Resolution — A Case Study," by Rob Simons.

 

3. Carburizing: The Importance of Temperature Monitoring and Surveying

Temperature Monitoring and Surveying Solutions for Carburizing Auto Components: IntroductionLow pressure carburizing (LPC) furnaces play an important role in the automotive heat treating industry. During LPC, it is essential that processing temperature stays consistent and critical that the processing time frame is monitored.

This article discusses the importance of collecting temperature data and what to do with the data when it's been collected.

Throughout 2019, Dr. Steve Offley wrote for this series, beginning with this part 1, "Temperature Monitoring and Surveying Solutions for Carburizing Auto Components: Introduction." When you're through, enjoy part 2, part 3, and part 4.

 

4. Vacuum Brazing --- Back to the (Automotive) Basics

Vacuum Brazing for Automotive ApplicationsTime to brush up on a vacuum brazing furnace, but automotive industry style. Review the terms, parts, function, and more that are involved in a successful vacuum braze for automotive parts.

This study covers a semi-automatic TAV vacuum brazing furnaces, details the makeup of the furnace, and gives an idea of what happens with a load from start to finish.

Read this 2019 article by Alessandro Fiorese here: "Vacuum Brazing for Automotive Applications."

 

5. Saving Time --- Automation Versus Manual Hardness Tests

If you've ever heat treated automotive crank pins, you're probably familiar with at least one type of hardness test that case hardened crank pins are tested against. The big question is, which hardness testing method is better: automated or manual? This article compares these two methods to make and measure Vickers indentations.

Evaluate for yourself the comparisons between an experienced operator manually entering data to Wilson VH3100 series Vickers Microhardness Tester and a DiaMet software entry. Some additional findings show that the crank pins could be examined by the Wilson tester with far less manipulation in the vice as well as reduction in data recording mistakes.

When you read this 2020 article by Buehler, "Manual Versus Automated Hardness Testing", learn exactly how much time, exactly, is saved with automation.

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Factorial Energy Announces Plans for EV Cell Pilot Production Facility

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, FEATURED NEWS

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Factorial Energy (Factorial), a developer of solid-state battery technology for electric vehicle applications, announced it will establish a new advanced manufacturing facility in the Boston suburb of Methuen, MA. The new facility will produce Factorial’s new solid-state battery cell technology for EVs.

Siyu Huang
Founder and CEO
Factorial Energy

The new production site at 501 Griffin Brook Drive in Methuen has an existing 67,000 square-foot building on the site that will undergo extensive buildout to house Factorial’s pilot production facility. The facility expects to begin operations in early 2023 and will bring 166 new jobs to the Methuen community.

Based in Woburn, MA, the company is currently working with automakers Hyundai Motor Company, Mercedes-Benz, and Stellantis to develop safer and higher performance solid-state EV battery cells for future passenger and commercial vehicles.

"We plan to continue building solid-state EV battery research and development facilities in New England and establish the region as a hub for electric mobility technology," commented said Siyu Huang, CEO of Factorial.

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Heat Treat Furnaces To Improve Hardening Capabilities for Aalberts

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, FEATURED NEWS, HARDENING NEWS, TEMPERING NEWS, VACUUM FURNACES NEWS

Alberto Martin
Sales Director -- Spain
Aalberts surface technologies TEY

HTD Size-PR LogoInternational manufacturer Aalberts surface technologies Group will receive two vacuum furnaces to the group’s Spanish branch in País Vasco. The system on order solves the manufacturer's problem with hardening large dimension elements.

The manufacturer mainly operates in the automotive industry, as well as the machine industry and, with this order, has signed its tenth contract with international furnace supplier, SECO/WARWICK. Aalberts is ordering the heat treat furnace provider's horizontal retort furnace for high-efficiency tempering with vacuum purging and the Vector® vacuum furnace. The Vector, with a useful working space of 600mm x 600mm x 900mm will increase the efficiency of the current hardening plant, improving the economics of hardening processes. The retort furnace will significantly increase the processing capacity of the current hardening plant for tempering processes.

Once again, SECO/WARWICK equipment will contribute to increasing the efficiency of our entire Group," said Alberto Martin, director of Sales --- Spain at Aalberts surface technologies TEY. Aalberts surface technologies is a global company with over 80 years of experience, operating in over 70 countries.

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Top 3 Heat Treat Grab and Go Visuals

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT TECHNICAL CONTENT, FEATURED NEWS, MANUFACTURING HEAT TREAT, MANUFACTURING HEAT TREAT TECH

OCWe get it. You read all day: emails, memos, furnace monitoring screens. To give your eyes a break, Heat Treat Today wanted to provide some grab and go visual resources. In this original content piece, check out some visuals to help you learn about the difference between Nitriding and FNC; discover how the U.S. is doing in the race to green steel production; and get an example of the type of numbers that are normal for a CQI-9 probe method A test.

The Numbers Don't Lie: Green American Steel Is Better than You Think

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In Heat Treat Today's August 2021 Automotive print edition, Lourenco Goncalves, chairman, president, and CEO of Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. made a big statement: "The United States is the benchmark of the world in all things steel. Amongst all major steelmaking nations, we have by far the greenest emissions profile."

In a climate where the United States often gets a bad rap when it comes to environmental concerns, Lourenco's statement is hard to believe. But, the data below contradicts this bad reputation. Check out the graphic below to learn how the United States stacks up to other countries in steel production.

CQI-9: Understanding Probe Method A

Ensuring heat treating equipment falls within CQI-9 standards can be tricky. According to Erika Zarazúa, regional purchasing manager at Global Thermal Solutions, probe method A may be the best way to identify variations in control systems.

 

If you're curious about how probe method A works, view the chart below (in both English and Spanish) for an example of the kind of numbers that are typical for this test method.

Table 1. Probe method A
Tabla 1. Método de sonda A

 

Nitriding vs. FNC . . . What's the Difference?

These days, it seems like most heat treat shops are updating equipment or changing procedures to accommodate demands for ferritic nitrocarburizing. But how different are the two processes, really? When it comes to materials commonly processed, time cycles involved, and atmospheres required, where does the difference between nitriding and FNC begin? The chart below is a quick and easy guide to distinguishing the difference between these two hardening processes. Skim away or take a deep dive into the technicalities!

About the Authors:

Lourenco Goncalves is chairman, president, and CEO of Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. 

Erika Zarazúa, a 40 Under 40 Class of 2021 member, is a metallurgical engineer with over 18 years of experience in heat treatment operations and temperature measurement and has worked in multiple engineering, quality, and project roles in the automotive and aerospace industries. Erika currently holds the position of regional purchasing manager at Global Thermal Solutions.

 Jason Orosz and Mark Hemsath at Nitrex, Thomas Wingens at WINGENS LLC – International Industry Consultancy, and Dan Herring, The Heat Treat Doctor at The HERRING GROUP, Inc., provided expert input for the Nitriding vs. FNC table.

 

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Gear Manufacturer Gains Nitriding Capacity with 2 Heat Treat Furnaces

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, FEATURED NEWS, NITRIDING NEWS

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The Capi Group has boosted its nitriding/nitrocarburizing capacity with two heat treat furnaces to keep up with the rise in production and new orders from the industrial and automotive sectors.

Marcin Stokłosa
Project Manager
Nitrex Poland
LinkedIn.com

The Italian gear manufacturer's order of Nitrex's large-capacity nitriding systems "is a continuation of our collaboration, and we look forward to strengthening this partnership further,” says Marcin Stokłosa, project manager at Nitrex.

The Capi Group owns four pit-type nitriding/nitrocarburizing furnaces of the same model type and larger size, which consist of  Nitreg® and Nitreg®-C technologies, +/-3°C temperature homogeneity in the retort, and eco-friendly IN-500 exhaust neutralizer to support a clean and green operation.

The new Nitrex furnaces, which comply with the Aerospace Material Specifications (AMS) 2750 for pyrometry and 2759/10 for controlled nitriding, are integrated into the existing production line and connected to a closed-loop water cooling system. The latter is an environmentally friendly feature that recirculates a steady supply of cooling water to cool furnace elements.

The new systems have been operational for a few months.

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CAB Line Selected for EV In-House Heat Treating

/ ATMOSPHERE AIR FURNACES NEWS, AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, BRAZING NEWS, FEATURED NEWS

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An international automotive conglomerate has selected a controlled atmosphere brazing line for their newly established factory in Mexico. The heat treat system will be used to process EV batteries.

5th CAB line for global automotive manufacturer

Piotr Skarbiński
Vice President of Aluminum and CAB Products Segment
SECO/WARWICK
Source: LinkedIn

While this is the 5th CAB line that SECO/WARWICK has provided to the manufacturer, this specific heat treat system --- the EV/CAB line --- is designed with the electric vehicle (EV) sector in mind to braze large-size car battery coolers for the EV industry. The system includes a brazing furnace, convection preheating chamber, cooling chamber with air jacket, final cooling chamber, and control system.

"This is the customer’s first order outside the Asian market," commented Piotr Skarbiński, vice president of Aluminum and CAB Products Segment at SECO/WARWICK. He continued, saying, "We are glad [to] be involved in this project." SECO/WARWICK will commission this solution and execute the start-up on-site.

This solution is provided within the global context of increased demand for battery coolers due to the growing production of electric vehicles.

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Guide To Conducting SATs According to CQI-9 4th Edition

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT TECHNICAL CONTENT, FEATURED NEWS, INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICAL CONTENT

OCThe AIAG CQI-9 (Heat Treat System Assessment) is the most accepted standard in the automotive industry for the validation of heat treatment operations. This article summarizes the evaluation requirements and illustrates the benefits of conducting this test to identify variations in control systems using the probe method A.

Read the English translation of this Technical Tuesday article by Erika Zarazúa, regional purchasing manager at Global Thermal Solutions, in the version below, or read both the Spanish and the English translation of the article where it was originally published: Heat Treat Today's August 2022 Automotive print edition.

"La evaluación CQI-9 (Heat Treat System Assessment) de AIAG es el estándar mas aceptado en la industria automotriz. . . ."

Erika Zarazúa
Regional Purchasing Manager 
Global Thermal Solutions México
Source: Global Thermal Solutions México

1. Application

System Accuracy Tests (SATs) must be performed on all control, monitoring, and recording systems of thermal processing equipment. This does not apply to “high limit” systems, whose sole function is to protect the furnace from overheating.

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The test thermocouple used for the SAT must meet the accuracy requirements defined by CQI-9 in table P3.1.3 (±1.1°C or ±2°F maximum error). Similarly, table P3.2.1 of the same section defines the requirements for the field test instrument (±0.6°C or ±1°F maximum error).

SATs conducted by “probe method” should be performed quarterly or after any maintenance that could affect the accuracy of the measurement system such as:

  • Replacement of lead wire
  • Replacement of the control thermocouple
  • Replacement of the control/recording instrument

2. Procedure (Probe Method A)

Probe method A is a comparison between the furnace temperature reading and a corrected test temperature reading.

Table 1. Probe method A
Tabla 1. Método de sonda A

When inserting the test thermocouple, ensure that the tip of the probe is placed as close as possible to the tip of the thermocouple to be tested, and no further than 50mm. Once placed in the test position, it is recommended to allow some time for both systems to reach equilibrium before conducting the test.

If the difference between the furnace temperature reading and corrected reading of the test system exceeds ±10°F (±5°C), then corrective actions must be conducted before processing a product. The most common corrective actions are to replace the control thermocouple, calibrate and adjust the control/recording instrument, or to combine both methods. According to CQI-9, these actions must be documented.

3. Records

CQI-9 revision 4 specifies that the SAT must be documented, and the records must include, at a minimum, the following information:

a. Furnace thermocouple identification
b. Test thermocouple identification
c. Identification of the test instrument
d. Date and time of the test
e. Setpoint value
f. Reading observed in the control system
g. Observed reading on test system
h. Thermocouple and test instrument correction factors
i. Test system corrected reading
j. Difference calculated from the SAT
k. Name and signature of the technician performing the test
l. Company performing the test (if external)
m. ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation of the company (if external)
n. Approval of the person responsible for heat treatment

4. Conclusion

The pyrometry section of CQI-9 lists the requirements and procedures for conducting system accuracy tests (Section P3.3). Within CQI-9, there are two important requirements heat treaters must be aware of. First, the furnace temperature measurement system must not deviate more than ±10°F (±5°C) from the test system. If this is the case, the equipment must not be used for thermal processing and corrective actions must be taken. Second, the SAT report must contain each time this test is conducted. With probe method A, variations in controls systems are easily identifiable.

 

References

[1] CQI-9 Special Process: Heat Treat System Assessment, 4th Edition. Automotive Industry Action Group, 2020.

[2] International Organization for Standardization; ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, 3rd Edition. International Organization for Standardization, 2017.

(Photo source: Global Thermal Solutions)

 

About the Author: Erika Zarazúa, a 40 Under 40 Class of 2021 member, is a metallurgical engineer with over 18 years of experience in heat treatment operations and temperature measurement and has worked in multiple engineering, quality, and project roles in the automotive and aerospace industries. Erika currently holds the position of regional purchasing manager at Global Thermal Solutions.

Contact Erika: erika@globalthermalsolutions.com

Find heat treating products and services when you search on Heat Treat Buyers Guide.com

 

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Guía para conducir pruebas System Accuracy Tests conforme a CQI-9 4ta. Edición

/ AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT TECHNICAL CONTENT, FEATURED NEWS, INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICAL CONTENT

OCThe AIAG CQI-9 (Heat Treat System Assessment) is the most accepted standard in the automotive industry for the validation of heat treatment operations. This article summarizes the evaluation requirements and illustrates the benefits of conducting this test to identify variations in control systems using the probe method A.

Read the Spanish translation of this article by Erika Zarazúa, gerente regional de compras de Global Thermal Solutions México, in the version below, or read both the Spanish and the English translation of the article where it was originally published: Heat Treat Today's August 2022 Automotive print edition.

La evaluación CQI-9 (Heat Treat System Assessment) de AIAG es el estándar mas aceptado en la industria automotriz para la validación de operaciones de tratamiento térmico y, entre muchas cosas, describe los requisitos generales y el procedimiento para conducir las pruebas SAT (System Accuracy Test) a los sistemas medición de temperatura de los equipos de procesamiento térmico. Este artículo sintetiza los requerimientos de la evaluación e ilustra los beneficios de conducir esta prueba para identificar variaciones en los sistemas de control mediante el método de sonda “A”.

Erika Zarazúa
Gerente Regional de Compras 
Global Thermal Solutions México
Source: Global Thermal Solutions México

1. Aplicación

Las pruebas SAT deben realizarse a todos los sistemas de control, monitoreo y registro de los equipos de procesamiento térmico. Esto no aplica para los sistemas de ‘alto-límite” cuya única función es la de proteger al horno de un sobre calentamiento.

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El termopar de prueba empleado para la prueba SAT debe cumplir con los requisitos de precisión que define CQI-9 en la tabla P3.1.3 de la sección de Pirometría (±1.1°C o ±2°F máximo de error). De igual manera, la tabla P3.2.1 de la misma sección define los requisitos para el instrumento de prueba - field test instrument (±0.6°C o ±1°F máximo de error).

Las pruebas SAT por el método de sonda deben realizarse trimestralmente o después de algún mantenimiento que pudiera afectar la precisión del sistema de medición como:

  • Reemplazo del cable de extensión
  • Reemplazo del termopar de control
  • Reemplazo del instrumento de control/registro

2. Procedimiento (Método de sonda A)

El método de sonda A es una comparación entre la lectura del sistema de medición del horno y un sistema de medición de prueba corregido:

Table 1. Probe method A
Tabla 1. Método de sonda A

Al insertar el termopar de prueba, se debe asegurar que la punta se coloque lo mas cerca de la punta del termopar a ser probado, y no mas lejos de 50mm. Una vez colocado en la posición de prueba, se recomienda permitir cierto tiempo para que ambos sistemas alcancen un equilibrio antes de conducir la prueba.

Si la diferencia entre el sistema de medición del horno y sistema de prueba corregido excede de ±5°C (±10°F) entonces se deben conducir acciones correctivas antes de procesar producto. Las acciones correctivas mas comunes consisten en reemplazar el termopar de control, calibrar y ajustar el instrumento de control/registro o una combinación de ambas. De acuerdo a CQI-9, estas acciones deben ser documentadas.

3. Registros

CQI-9 revisión 4 especifica que la prueba SAT debe documentarse y los registros deben incluir como mínimo la siguiente información

a. Identificación del termopar del horno
b. Identificación del termopar de prueba
c. Identificación del instrumento de prueba
d. Fecha y hora de la prueba
e. Valor del setpoint
f. Lectura observada en el sistema de control
g. Lectura observada en el sistema de prueba
h. Factores de corrección del termopar e instrumento de prueba
i. Lectura corregida del sistema de prueba
j. Diferencia calculada del SAT
k. Nombre y firma del técnico que realiza la prueba
l. Compañía que realiza la prueba (si es externa)
m. Acreditación en ISO/IEC 17025 de la compañía (si es externa)
n. Aprobación del responsable de tratamiento térmico

4. En resumen

La sección de Pirometría de CQI-9 revisión 4 indica los requerimientos y el procedimiento para la realización de la prueba SAT (Sección P3.3).

El sistema de medición de temperatura del horno no debe presentar una desviación mayor a los ±5°C (±10°F) respecto al sistema de prueba. Si este fuera el caso, el equipo no debe usarse para procesamiento térmico y deben aplicarse acciones correctivas.

CQI-9 especifi ca la información que debe contener el informe de SAT cada vez que se conduce esta prueba.

 

Referencias

[1] Automotive Industry Action Group; CQI-9 Special Process: Heat Treat System Assessment, 4rd Edition, June 2020.

[2] International Organization for Standardization; ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. 3rd Edition, 2017.

(Fuente de la foto: Global Thermal Solutions)

Sobre el autor: Erika Zarazúa es Ingeniera Química Metalúrgica por parte de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. Con más de 18 años de experiencia en operaciones de tratamiento térmico y medición de temperatura, ha trabajado en múltiples roles de ingeniería, calidad y proyectos en las industrias automotriz y aeroespacial. Actualmente ocupa el cargo de Gerente Regional de Compras de Global Thermal Solutions.

Contacto Erika: erika@globalthermalsolutions.com

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Heat Treat IQ System for Härtewerk Chemnitz Hardening Plant

/ ATMOSPHERE AIR FURNACES NEWS, AUTOMOTIVE HEAT TREAT, FEATURED NEWS, QUENCHING NEWS, VACUUM FURNACES NEWS

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Kai Werlitz
Technical Operations Manager
Härtewerk Chemnitz GmbH
Source: Härtewerk Chemnitz

Härtewerk Chemnitz GmbH, a large German commercial hardening plant (Lohnhärterei), has purchased a horizontal, two-chamber furnace low-pressure carburizing and oil quenching system from an international heat treat solutions provider. In the German plant, the integral quench system will replace legacy atmosphere technology and expand their capabilities for mass-producing parts.

This is the first SECO/WARWICK furnace equipped with vacuum heating at the heat treater's German plant and the first Super IQ solution in Germany. The system has a heating chamber, loading and unloading vestibule, and a quenching bath. The equipment in the system enables users to perform a variety of heat treatment processes, heat, and chemical treatment, as well as low-pressure carburizing and quenching.

"The machines we have worked with so far had required time-consuming and expensive preparation, especially when the equipment was not at the right temperature," commented Kai Werlitz, technical operations manager at Härtewerk Chemnitz GmbH. "The Super IQ furnace that we have ordered eliminates not only these difficulties but also enables efficient heat treatment with very high repeatability and uniformity of the carburized layer, which with atmospheric furnaces was only possible to a limited extent."

The heat treater's Chemnitz and Chomutov plants provide a wide range of services related to metal heat treatment and focus on Germany and Europe's mechanical engineering, automotive, and metalworking industries.

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